Phytochemical investigation of aerial parts of Woodsia ilvensis and its plasmin-inhibitory activity in vitro.

The fern plant Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. belongs to the Woodsiaceae family and its leaves are used to treat diarrhea, soft-tissue injuries, and external injuries. Investigations of the compounds obtained from the plasmin-inhibitory-active extracts of W. ilvensis led to the isolation of two undescribed maleimide N-glycosides, an undescribed stilbenoid glycoside, and five undescribed acetylated flavonol bisdesmosides, together with 19 known compounds. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined using spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of the sugar moieties were determined via HPLC after acid hydrolysis. Among the isolated compounds, some flavonoids and stilbenoid glycosides exhibited plasmin-inhibitory activity.

Assessing Plasmin Generation in Health and Disease.

Fibrinolysis is an important process in hemostasis responsible for dissolving the clot during wound healing. Plasmin is a central enzyme in this process via its capacity to cleave fibrin. The kinetics of plasmin generation (PG) and inhibition during fibrinolysis have been poorly understood until the recent development of assays to quantify these metrics. The assessment of plasmin kinetics allows for the identification of fibrinolytic dysfunction and better understanding of the relationships between abnormal fibrin dissolution and disease pathogenesis. Additionally, direct measurement of the inhibition of PG by antifibrinolytic medications, such as tranexamic acid, can be a useful tool to assess the risks and effectiveness of antifibrinolytic therapy in hemorrhagic diseases. This review provides an overview of available PG assays to directly measure the kinetics of plasmin formation and inhibition in human and mouse plasmas and focuses on their applications in defining the role of plasmin in diseases, including angioedema, hemophilia, rare bleeding disorders, COVID-19, or diet-induced obesity. Moreover, this review introduces the PG assay as a promising clinical and research method to monitor antifibrinolytic medications and screen for genetic or acquired fibrinolytic disorders.

Application of high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy for detection of the plasmin activity toward ß-casein.

High-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy (HR-US) was applied for precise detection of plasmin activity towards ß-casein in buffer at pH 7.8 and 37 °C. The evolution of ultrasonic velocity and ultrasonic attenuation measured at 15.5 MHz is related to the concentration of peptide bonds hydrolyzed and loss of ß-casein aggregates, respectively. The ultrasonic assay presents sensitive and direct activity-based quantification of plasmin levels in milk. The variation in plasmin concentration between HR-US and ELISA method owed to the differing detection principles. The real-time ultrasonic profiles of hydrolysis were utilized to describe the kinetic aspect of plasmin activity. The non-linear activity curve was fitted with classic and inverse Michaelis-Menten type models. Within 1-8.6 mg·mL-1 ß-casein, the Vmax and KM obtained were (6.30 ± 2.21) × 10-5 mol.kg-1·min-1 and 10.33 ± 3.50 mg·mL-1, respectively. The maximum peptide bond cleaved was 5-6 (2.7% degree of hydrolysis) achieved at 1 mg·mL-1 ß-casein.

Tranexamic acid rapidly inhibits fibrinolysis, yet transiently enhances plasmin generation in vivo.

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a lysine analogue that inhibits plasmin generation and has been used for decades as an antifibrinolytic agent to reduce bleeding. Recent reports have indicated that TXA can paradoxically promote plasmin generation. Blood was obtained from 41 cardiac surgical patients randomly assigned to TXA or placebo before start of surgery (preOP), at the end of surgery (EOS), then again on postoperative day 1 (POD-1) as well as POD-3. Plasma levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), urokinase (u-PA), the plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) complex, as well as t-PA and u-PA-induced clot lysis assays were then determined. Clot lysis and PAP complex levels were also assessed in healthy volunteers before and at various time points after taking 1 g TXA orally. Surgery induced an increase in circulating t-PA, yet not u-PA at EOS. t-PA levels were unaffected by TXA; however, u-PA levels were significantly reduced in patients on POD-3. t-PA and u-PA-induced clot lysis were both inhibited in plasma from TXA-treated patients. In contrast, PAP complex formation, representing plasmin generation, was unexpectedly enhanced in the plasma of patients administered TXA at the EOS time point. In healthy volunteers, oral TXA effectively blocked fibrinolysis within 30 min and blockade was sustained for 8 h. However, TXA also increased PAP levels in volunteers 4 h after administration. Our findings demonstrate that TXA can actually augment PAP complex formation, consistent with an increase in plasmin generation in vivo despite the fact that it blocks fibrinolysis within 30 min. This may have unanticipated consequences in vivo.

Characterization of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products reagents and their utility in critical care patients with enhanced fibrinolysis.

INTRODUCTION: Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) values reflect coagulation and fibrinolysis status, and FDP levels are helpful for diagnosis and classification of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). FDP measurement has always played a key role in diagnosing DIC, a phenomenon that has recently gained renewed attention because of its occurrence in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Although the evaluation of FDP is crucial for the management of critical care, the variability among FDP reagents is unclear. In this study, we aimed to compare LIASAUTO P-FDP with three FDP reagents and investigate their characteristics. METHODS: In total, 172 plasmas samples were used in the correlation. The sample data were divided into three groups including negative, no and positive discrepancy based on the discrepancy percentages calculated from each correlation between LIASAUTO P-FDP and other three reagents. D-dimer, plasmin-α2 plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC), fibrin monomer complex (FMC), fibrinogen (Fbg) and Plasmin-α2 Plasmin Inhibitor (α2 PI) were measured and included in data analysis. RESULTS: The positive discrepancy groups showed higher D-dimer, PIC and FMC values than the negative discrepancy groups. The data indicated that LIASAUTO P-FDP had higher reactivity to D-dimer than other reagents and the values were elevated in the fibrinolysis-enhanced samples with various FDP fragments. CONCLUSION: LIASAUTO P-FDP displayed the reactivity towards various fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products, and it might be useful for DIC diagnosis because the fibrinolytic status differed in the DIC types and stages.

Management of disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with aortic aneurysm and vascular malformations.

Aortic aneurysms and vascular malformations are sometimes associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). A typical blood coagulation test shows decrease in platelet count and fibrinogen, and increases in fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and D-dimer. The coagulation activation marker thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) and the fibrinolysis activation marker plasmin-α2 plasmin inhibitor (PIC) are significantly increased. α2 plasmin inhibitor (α2PI) is significantly reduced. Since no prolongation of prothrombin time (PT) is noticeable and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) is shortened in some cases, DIC cannot be diagnosed or ruled out by PT and APTT alone. The cornerstone of treatment for DIC is to treat the underlying disease. However, surgery is not possible in some cases. Follow-up may be appropriate in patients with abnormal results from coagulation tests and no bleeding. However, pharmacotherapy is often required in cases with bleeding. Unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, protease inhibitors, recombinant thrombomodulin, direct oral anticoagulants, and factor XIII preparations are effective. If PIC is significantly increased and α2PI is significantly decreased, or if the bleeding is severe, tranexamic acid is used as an antifibrinolytic therapy with anticoagulant therapy. In such cases, attention should be paid not only to TAT but also changes in PIC.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of TAT, PIC, TM, and t-PAIC in Malignant Tumor Patients With Venous Thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important complication in patients with malignant tumors. Its exact diagnosis and treatment are still lacking. We used a high-sensitive chemiluminescence method to detect thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), plasmin-α2-plasmininhibitor complex (PIC), thrombomodulin (TM), and tissue plasminogen activator-inhibitor complex(t-PAIC) in combination with D-dimer and fibrin degradation product (FDP) to analyze their diagnostic and prognostic value in patients with malignant tumors. METHODS: In total, 870 patients with confirmed malignant tumors were included, 82 of whom had diagnosed VTE; 200 healthy individuals were classified as the control group. The TAT, PIC, TM, and t-PAIC were detected using Sysmex HISCL5000 automated analyzers, whereas FDP and D-dimer were detected using Sysmex CS5100 coagulation analyzer. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency. Survival probabilities were determined using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and multivariate analyses were performed using a Cox regression model. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, patients with malignant tumors showed significantly elevated TAT, PIC, TM, t-PAIC, D-dimer, and FDP. Similarly, compared with patients in the non-thrombosis group, those in the thrombosis group showed significantly elevated levels of the above mentioned markers. Logistic regression analysis showed that TAT, PIC, TM, t-PAIC, D-Dimer, and FDP were all associated with VTE. ROC analysis showed that "TAT+PIC+TM+t-PAIC+D-dimer+FDP"showed the highest sensitivity and specificity. Patients with elevated TAT, PIC, TM, and t-PAIC had a significantly shorter survival. Multivariate Cox survival analysis showed that TM and t-PAIC were significantly associated with poor prognosis. In addition, the incidence of VTE was significantly lower in patients with malignant tumors who were treated with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and their survival period was significantly longer than that of patients with malignant tumors who were not treated with LMWH. CONCLUSION: TAT, PIC, TM, and t-PAIC combined with D-dimer and FDP were better than the application of a single marker in the diagnosis of VTE in patients with malignant tumors. TAT and PIC can be used as sensitive markers in the diagnosis of VTE but not as prognostic markers. TM and t-PAIC might be independent prognostic indicators in patients with malignant tumors, regardless of the state of thrombus.

Tranexamic acid administration in the field does not affect admission thromboelastography after traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: No Food and Drug Administration-approved medication improves outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). A forthcoming clinical trial that evaluated the effects of two prehospital tranexamic acid (TXA) dosing strategies compared with placebo demonstrated no differences in thromboelastography (TEG) values. We proposed to explore the impact of TXA on markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with moderate to severe TBI. METHODS: Data were extracted from a placebo-controlled clinical trial in which patients 15 years or older with TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale, 3-12) and systolic blood pressure of ≥90 mm Hg were randomized prehospital to receive placebo bolus/placebo infusion (placebo), 1 g of TXA bolus/1 g of TXA infusion (bolus maintenance), or 2 g of TXA bolus/placebo infusion (bolus only). Thromboelastography was performed, and coagulation measures including prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, international ratio, fibrinogen, D-dimer, plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP), thrombin antithrombin, tissue plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 were quantified at admission and 6 hours later. RESULTS: Of 966 patients receiving study drug, 700 had laboratory tests drawn at admission and 6 hours later. There were no statistically significant differences in TEG values, including LY30, between groups (p > 0.05). No differences between prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, international ratio, fibrinogen, thrombin antithrombin, tissue plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 were demonstrated across treatment groups. Concentrations of D-dimer in TXA treatment groups were less than placebo at 6 hours (p < 0.001). Concentrations of PAP in TXA treatment groups were less than placebo on admission (p < 0.001) and 6 hours (p = 0.02). No differences in D-dimer and PAP were observed between bolus maintenance and bolus only. CONCLUSION: While D-dimer and PAP levels reflect a lower degree of fibrinolysis following prehospital administration of TXA when compared with placebo in a large prehospital trial of patients with TBI, TEG obtained on admission and 6 hours later did not demonstrate any differences in fibrinolysis between the two TXA dosing regimens and placebo. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic test, level III.

Glomerular Deposition of Nephritis-Associated Plasmin Receptor (NAPlr) and Related Plasmin Activity: Key Diagnostic Biomarkers of Bacterial Infection-related Glomerulonephritis.

It is widely known that glomerulonephritis (GN) often develops after the curing of an infection, a typical example of which is GN in children following streptococcal infections (poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis; PSAGN). On the other hand, the term "infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN)" has recently been proposed, because infections are usually ongoing at the time of GN onset in adult patients, particularly in older patients with comorbidities. However, there has been no specific diagnostic biomarker for IRGN, and diagnosis is based on the collection of several clinical and pathological findings and the exclusion of differential diagnoses. Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor (NAPlr) was originally isolated from the cytoplasmic fraction of group A streptococcus as a candidate nephritogenic protein for PSAGN and was found to be the same molecule as streptococcal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and plasmin receptor. NAPlr deposition and related plasmin activity were observed with a similar distribution pattern in the glomeruli of patients with PSAGN. However, glomerular NAPlr deposition and plasmin activity could be observed not only in patients with PSAGN but also in patients with other glomerular diseases, in whom a preceding streptococcal infection was suggested. Furthermore, such glomerular staining patterns have been demonstrated in patients with IRGN induced by bacteria other than streptococci. This review discusses the recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of bacterial IRGN, which is characterized by NAPlr and plasmin as key biomarkers.

A red-shifted Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) biosensing system for rapid measurement of plasmin activity in human plasma.

Proteases are key signalling molecules for many physiological processes and their dysregulation is implicated in the progression of a range of diseases. Sensitive methods to measure protease activities in complex biological samples are critical for rapid disease diagnoses. The proteolytic activity of plasmin reflects the fibrinolysis state of blood and its deregulation can indicate pathologies such as bleeding events. While Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) is a powerful and sensitive method for the detection of protease activity, the commonly applied blue-shifted BRET2 system, consisting of the Renilla luciferase Rluc2 and the large-stokes shift fluorescent protein GFP2, suffers from light absorption and light scattering in human plasma samples. To address this challenge, we developed a red-shifted BRET-based plasmin sensor by substituting BRET2 with the BRET6 system. BRET6 is composed of the red-shifted RLuc8.6 luciferase linked to the red light emitting fluorescent protein TurboFP635. The BRET6 biosensor exhibited 3-fold less light absorption in plasma samples compared to the BRET2 sensor leading to an up to a 5-fold increase in sensitivity for plasmin detection in plasma. The limits of detection for plasmin were determined to be 11.90 nM in 7.5% (v/v) plasma with a 10 min assay which enables biologically relevant plasmin activities of thrombolytic therapies to be detected. While a colorigenic plasmin activity assay achieved a similar detection limit of 10.91 nM in 7.5% (v/v) human plasma, it required a 2 h incubation period. The BRET6 sensor described here is faster and more specific than the colorigenic assay as it did not respond to unspiked human plasma samples.

Stability of fat globules in UHT milk during proteolysis by the AprX protease from Pseudomonas fluorescens and by plasmin.

Fat separation is a limiting factor for the shelf life of UHT milk. It may be promoted by the proteolysis of fat surface-adsorbed proteins (FSAP) by proteases that remain active after UHT treatment. The aim of this research was to explore the relationship between the proteolysis of FSAP and fat destabilization. In this study, we developed a full-fat UHT milk-based model system and added either the major bacterial protease AprX from Pseudomonas fluorescens or the major native milk protease plasmin at high levels to induce fast destabilization of the milk fat globules. We monitored changes in physical properties and FSAP composition, and structural changes in fat globules, over 24 h. Our results showed that AprX-induced sedimentation as a result of the flocculation of fat globules, and plasmin induced cream to float as a result of the coalescence of fat globules. This study confirmed that AprX and plasmin can both lead to fat destabilization in full-fat UHT milk, and it provides insights in the underlying mechanisms.

Performance evaluation of thrombomodulin, thrombin-antithrombin complex, plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex, and t-PA: PAI-1 complex.

BACKGROUND: To conduct a comprehensive performance evaluation of a fully automated analyzer for measuring thrombomodulin (TM), thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (PAP), and t-PA: PAI-1 complex (tPAI-C). METHODS: According to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) EP05-A2, EP06-A specifications, TM, TAT, PAP, and tPAI-C were analyzed to evaluate intraassay variability and interassay variability, linear range, carryover rate, reference range, sample stability, and interferences. RESULTS: The intraassay variability and interassay variability of the four factors were all below 5%. The carryover rates were below 1%. Linear verification analysis revealed correlation coefficients of 0.998-0.999. The recommended reference ranges of TM, TAT, and PAP were appropriate for our laboratory, whereas the reference of tPAI-C should be established by each laboratory. Stability assessment revealed that TM is stable for 2 days at room temperature but lacks stability at colder temperatures. In contrast, TAT is stable for 5 days at 4°C and -20°C but has poor stability at room temperature. PAP and tPAI-C are stable for 3 days at all three temperatures. The measurement of TM, TAT, PAP, and tPAI-C is not altered by the presence of 510 mg/dL hemoglobin, 1490 FTU triglycerides, or 21.1 mg/dL conjugated and free bilirubin. CONCLUSION: The determination of TM, TAT, PAP, and tPAI-C using a high-sensitivity chemiluminescence analyzer performs well in terms of precision, carryover rate, linear range, and interference. Thus, this method is suitable for the detection of these substances in clinical specimens.

A direct oral anticoagulant edoxaban accelerated fibrinolysis via enhancement of plasmin generation in human plasma: dependent on thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor.

A direct oral anticoagulant, edoxaban, is as effective as vitamin K antagonists for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the mechanism underlying the treatment effect on VTE remains to be determined. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of edoxaban on tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)-induced clot lysis in human plasma and to determine the roles of plasmin and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in the profibrinolytic effect by edoxaban. Pooled human normal plasma or TAFI-deficient plasma (containing 180 ng/mL t-PA and 0.1 nM thrombomodulin) was mixed with edoxaban or an activated TAFI inhibitor, potato tuber carboxypeptidase inhibitor (PCI). Clot was induced by adding tissue factor and phospholipids. Clot lysis time and plasma plasmin-α2 antiplasmin complex (PAP) concentration were determined. Clot structure was imaged with a scanning electron microscope. In normal plasma, edoxaban at clinically relevant concentrations (75, 150, and 300 ng/mL) and PCI significantly shortened clot lysis time. PCI increased PAP concentration and a correlation between PAP concentration and percent of clot lysis was observed. Edoxaban also dose-dependently elevated PAP concentration. In TAFI-deficient plasma, the effects of edoxaban and PCI on clot lysis and PAP concentration were markedly diminished as compared with normal plasma. Fibrin fibers were thinner in clots formed in the presence of edoxaban. In conclusion, edoxaban at clinically relevant concentrations accelerates t-PA-induced fibrinolysis via increasing plasmin generation in human plasma. The effects of edoxaban is mainly dependent on TAFI. The profibrinolytic effect of edoxaban might contribute to the efficacy for the treatment of VTE.

Evaluation the combined diagnostic value of TAT, PIC, tPAIC, and sTM in disseminated intravascular coagulation: A multi-center prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Accurate and early diagnosis is important in the management of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). We employed new automation technology to detect plasma biomarkers, including thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), α2-plasmininhibitor-plasmin complex (PIC), soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), and tissue plasminogen activator-inhibitor complex (tPAIC), and evaluated their diagnostic performance and prognostic value for DIC in Chinese population. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 444 patients with suspected DIC and 137 healthy people. The molecular markers were measured by qualitative chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay performed on HISCL automated analyzers. All patients with suspected DIC were followed for 7 days to screen for the development of overt-DIC and 28 days for mortality. RESULTS: According to the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) scoring system, 157 patients were diagnosed as overt-DIC and 36 were diagnosed as pre-DIC. All four biomarkers were significantly higher in DIC patients than in non-overt DIC patients; TAT, tPAIC, and sTM were significantly higher in pre-DIC patients than in non-overt DIC patients. Four molecular markers behaved differently among various underlying diseases. TAT, tPAIC, and sTM were also good predictors of 28-day mortality, high levels were associated with poor outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: TAT, PIC, tPAIC, and sTM demonstrated good diagnostic performance and prognostic value in DIC patients with different underlying diseases. Besides, TAT, tPAIC and sTM have certain implications in pre-DIC stage. Combination of four makers was demonstrated better behavior than single one.

Association of imbalanced sex hormone production with excessive procoagulation factor SerpinF2 in preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia, a serious pregnancy-associated syndrome, is the leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Significant exacerbation of the hypercoagulation status as well as imbalanced steroid hormones have been reported in developed preeclampsia. However, it remains unclear whether the two pathological changes are directly associated. METHOD AND RESULTS: Our proteomic analysis revealed a significantly elevated SerpinF2/α2-antiplasmin level in preeclampsia plasma. Measurement of the longitudinally gestational change of plasmin-α2-antiplasmin (PAP) complex, testosterone, estradiol in preeclampsia patients and normal pregnant women demonstrated that the circulating PAP and testosterone levels in the early-onset preeclampsia (E-PE) patients were substantially higher, whereas estradiol concentration was significantly lower than that in normal pregnant controls from early pregnancy throughout gestation. Correlation analysis revealed that circulating PAP is in positive correlation with the concentration of testosterone, and in negative correlation with estradiol in E-PE patients. In E-PE placenta, the productions and activities of 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 3 and aromatase, the essential enzymes for testosterone and estradiol synthesis, were compromised. In human renal and trophoblastic cells, testosterone and estradiol could regulate SerpinF2 expression in opposite ways. In addition, obvious fibrin deposition was colocalized with SerpinF2 in intervillous spaces and the area surrounding syncytiotrophoblasts in E-PE placenta. CONCLUSION: The findings reveal a tight correlation between the imbalanced steroid hormone production and the procoagulation factor in E-PE patients, which provide potential biomarkers to predict preeclampsia, and bring new insight into the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

Efficacy of SMTP-7, a small-molecule anti-inflammatory thrombolytic, in embolic stroke in monkeys.

SMTP-7 (Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol-7) is a small molecule that promotes thrombolysis and suppresses inflammation possibly through plasminogen modulation and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition, respectively. Here, we demonstrate an efficacy of SMTP-7 in a severe embolic stroke model in monkeys. The middle cerebral artery was embolized by an autologous blood clot. Saline, SMTP-7, or tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) (n = 5 in each group) was given after 3 hours, and neurologic deficit scoring and infarct characterization were performed after 24 hours. Hemorrhagic infarct-accompanied premature death was observed for two animals in t-PA group. SMTP-7 treatment significantly reduced the sizes of infarct by 65%, edema by 37%, and clot by 55% compared to saline treatment. Plasma levels of the products of plasminogen activation (plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex) and sEH reaction (dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid) in SMTP-7 group were 794% (P < 0.05) and 60% (P = 0.085) compared to saline group, respectively. No significant changes in the plasma levels of MMP-9, CRP, MCP-1, and S100B were found. There was an inverse correlation between plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex level and infarct volume (r = 0.93, P < 0.05), suggesting a role of thrombolysis in the SMTP-7 action to limit infarct development. In conclusion, SMTP-7 is effective in treating severe embolic stroke in monkeys under conditions where t-PA treatment tends to cause hemorrhagic infarct-associated premature death.

A Clinical Trial on Biological Half Life of Bioactive Protein from Lumbricus rubellus, DLBS1033 in Healthy Volunteers.

BACKGROUND: DLBS1033 is a bioactive protein fraction extracted from Lumbricus rubellus, with fibrinogenolytic, fibrinolytic and anti-aggregation activities reported in an in vitro study. Plasma half-life is an important parameter to calculate its dose. This study was conducted to evaluate the biological half-life of DLBS1033 by measuring serial plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) complex. PAP complex is a stable and inactive compound as a result of fibrinolysis process. METHODS: this was an open-label clinical trial in healthy adult subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups to receive single dose drugs (received 3 x 490 mg) or repeated administration until steady state conditions (3 x 490 mg/day for 3 days). Blood samples for PAP complex measurement were collected at time 0 (before drug administration for single dose group), then at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. Safety parameters used in this study were creatinine, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), SGOT, and SGPT. RESULTS: the biological half-life of DLBS1033 was calculated based on the mean of PAP complex concentration on each time sampling. In single dose group, the highest mean of PAP complex concentration was reached before drug administration. Our result showed that the activity of DLBS1033 could not be determined after single dose administration. In steady state condition, the PAP complex concentration increase in 2 hours after last drug administration. The biological half-life of DLBS1033 was 8.6 hours. There were no significant safety findings on all laboratory parameters and no serious adverse events. CONCLUSION: it is concluded that the fibrinolytic effects of DLBS1033 can be measured in steady state condition. The biological half-life of DLBS1033 in steady state condition was 8.6 hours. There were no serious adverse events on two groups of subjects.

Early-life regional and temporal variation in filaggrin-derived natural moisturizing factor, filaggrin-processing enzyme activity, corneocyte phenotypes and plasmin activity: implications for atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Filaggrin is central to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). The cheeks are a common initiation site of infantile AD. Regional and temporal expression of levels of filaggrin degradation products [natural moisturizing factors (NMFs)], activities of filaggrin-processing enzymes [bleomycin hydrolase (BH) and calpain-1 (C-1)] and plasmin, and corneocyte envelope (CE) maturity in early life are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational study investigating regional and age-dependent variations in NMF levels, activity of proteases and CE maturity in stratum corneum (SC) from infants to determine whether these factors could explain the observed predilection sites for AD in early life. METHODS: We measured NMF using a tape-stripping method at seven sites in the SC of 129 children (aged < 12 months to 72 months) and in three sites in 56 neonates and infants (< 48 h to 3 months). In 37 of these neonates and infants, corneocyte size, maturity, BH, C-1 and plasmin activities were determined. RESULTS: NMF levels are low at birth and increase with age. Cheek SC, compared with elbow flexure and nasal tip, has the lowest NMF in the first year of life and is the slowest to reach stable levels. Cheek corneocytes remain immature. Plasmin, BH and C-1 activities are all elevated by 1 month of age in exposed cheek skin, but not in elbow skin. CONCLUSIONS: Regional and temporal differences in NMF levels, CE maturity and protease activities may explain the predilection for AD to affect the cheeks initially and are supportive of this site as key for allergen priming in early childhood. These observations will help design early intervention and treatment strategies for AD.